Post by Deleted on Jul 26, 2015 5:24:07 GMT
The Brief History of my life with SECA designs
The SECA amplifier designs have been in use for a long time from the early days of valves to the present day. With valves it was a simple matter of biasing the triode and having a transformer coupling to the loudspeaker. Even the first transistor design had transformer coupling, this was OK for audio but the low frequency was poor and the top frequency response was very poor.
Much later people like Glen Croft did make some very lovely direct coupled valve amps but most I recall were push-pull.
Push-pull A Class designs have also been around for a long time but there is always a tiny bit of crossover distortion and the sound character is nice but for me not fulfilling.
The John Linsey Hood designs are very good but still for me lack that deep solid deep bass.
Noel Keywood also made a lovely sounding SECA design but like all semi-conductor design they do get hot.
Mullard toyed with the design in the 1960 – 1970 but to produce the constant current in the output stage they use a huge choke.
My first design of the amp section was not designed to play music; it was a piece of test equipment I made to test CUK converters (PSU) on dynamic loads. It soon dawned on me as my hobby then was making my own Hi-fi this concept would make an ideal SECA design if only I could control the current.
Now I made my first one in 1972 it was just 12W into 8R it used a FET as the amp and a Darlington as the constant current source. It was in a box supplied by RS this box was also used in the early Albarry Amps. This original amp I made is still working it under the floor boards of my friend Dave Harris’s home in Southend running a old pair of IMF speaker which I think Alan Elsdon sold him (Sondale).
After this FET’s were not as they are now the one I used were only about 15A and 60W and the SOA (Safe Operating Area) was crap to say the least compared to now.
Alan Elsdon and I decided to push this to the limit he was on chatting terms with Martin Collums at the time so the first 50W amp was made it used a large number of IRF140 and lots of 2N3055 each paired up with its own BD139 to form a Darlington stage. Did it get hot oh yes it did but Martin did hear it and I recall he liked it. Alan I then decided bigger was better still only 50W we had made very large Blue boxes and massive heatsinks , these welding box look a likes were tested at Etude's listening rooms in Belgium and it was so relaxing the 10 or so people auditioning them all fell asleep. Marc Van-Meobeke and his wife Rita loved them, but to be honest it was a bastard to make and to keep cool.
The I started MIH which became Magnum and A Class Designs for a while was forgotten, Alan and I went on to do Dreadnoughts and then I set up Inca Tech (the Claymore birth place).
Then hunting for work again I go around the world designing large and small PSU for a few years to earn a living.
TOCA these huge amps were originally design for two reasons only.
1) To be the largest in the world and,
2) to provide the backer an inlet into the UK with leather product.
But out of it came the Oberon and lots of 20W TOCA and a 50W,100W,200W,300W mono range of SECA’s some of which you may have listened to.
OK of I go again around the world working for some fun start up companies and others.
Back in the UK (Scotland) I got offered a job designing underwater equipment for seismic listening (almost audio 10mHz – 100mHz) proper bass. In Somerset so that how I got to live in that lovely county, seismic movements.
Now I started Catch XXII which became Tellurium Q based on my designs of cable and my desire to make a very good SECA the Iridium. Now we have much better components that do not vaporise when turned ON.
The Design of the KISS SECA Pt 1 Version 1
This uncomplicated looking design is based on the original design under those floor boards in Southend but now with substantially better components (oh yes). In the design published in Wireless World we had current drivers to push the 5 – 80 FET,s to their peak performance but we are now using FET's with a much lower gate capacitance and thus it is no longer require there was few remarks of hatred by somebody who wondered why I did not use a DC servo but all servo’s in amps cause distortion at lower frequency and I have seen a few of his unused designs in other companies that to be honest where misguided and failed to meet the mark.The circuit below is the basic SECA KISS design.
From left to right you can see the input socket PC1, it is terminated with a 22K R16 resistor followed by a DC blocking capacitor C5 and another 22K R15. This make the input to the amplifier approximately 10K ohm, why did I choose that well most pre-amp will drive it, ringing in poor cables is reduced but the main reason is if you unplug it is less likely to blow you speaker up with a loud BUZZ. C5 will determine to low frequency roll of point. And with a simple calculator we can see that the -3dB roll of point is about 1Hz.
R14 1K and C6 220pF is a used to limit high frequency RFI and Taxi etc.
R14 1K and C6 220pF is a used to limit high frequency RFI and Taxi etc.
Q5 and Q6 are low noise NPN transistor, it would be nice to have a match pair here but it would cost more, you could buy a digital meter with HFE on it and a few hundred transistors and match them yourself (I did) but the time and boredom is killer. And to do it properly a nice Tektronix's curve tracer would be sweet, Naim have one nice kit and a small mortgage to buy it.
This Long Tail Pair Q5 and Q6, are supplied with a constant current generated by Q7 and Q8 both NPN transistors and the same type as Q5 and Q6 BC849B you can use other as long as they are the same type and with luck were you get matched pairs for Q5,Q6. The current is determined by the value of R14 and the Base Emitter Vf
This Long Tail Pair Q5 and Q6, are supplied with a constant current generated by Q7 and Q8 both NPN transistors and the same type as Q5 and Q6 BC849B you can use other as long as they are the same type and with luck were you get matched pairs for Q5,Q6. The current is determined by the value of R14 and the Base Emitter Vf
i.e. 0.6V , I = 0.6V/560R for the Basic and 0.6V/330R for the all FET output version and please note the same PCB is used for both.
The Long Tailed Pair drive the PNP Transistor BD140 Q2 this transistor also is running Class A with it current supplied by another constant current source comprising or two transistors of Q3 and Q4.
The bias current of the BD140 is set again by 0.6V/R3 in the basic design this 0.6V/47R giving us 12mA and on the super version 0.6V/27R i.e. 22mA, the higher current is needed to overcome the charge capacitance in the much larger current wise MOS FET Q1 and in the basic design this is IRFP4410ZPBF and in the other a IRFP4368PF.
Also note the anti-parasitic capacitor connected to the Base and Collector of Q2 has changed from 47pF to 22pF due to the loading of the FET Q1.
Q1 is heavily biased into Class A and is a true SECA output stage, the current source for this is provided by Q9 a TIP142 Darlington or the FET another IRFP4368PF.
The control of the current in Q9 is provide for by the Rail to Rail Operational Amplifier Intergraded Circuit (R-R Op-Amp). It sense the voltage across R11 a 3W Wire Wound 0.1R resistor. The reference control voltage to the R-R Op Amp is generated by voltage across the Green LED, I use Green LEED this for this because they are cheap and produce very little noise compared with a Red LED and cheaper than a precession reference diode. The R-R Op-Amp get it power from the main +V via a resistor R17 1K5 3W and this is shunt regulated with a zener diode D3 connected via its Anode to the –V rail.
To fine tune the reference voltage we us a resistor R19 to the LED a 10K and R18 a 10K this is connected to the current set trimming preset to adjust the current.
On the Basic version with the Darlington transistor Q9 the base is driven via R10 a 100R resistor on the next version R10 is replace from a 100R to 470R this tames the FET and allow it to turn on slower. The current feedback sense resistor R13 on Version one is 27R and on version two it is still 27R.
Now using old Ohms law 1A across 100mR is 100mV so to set up our current we adjust PR2 so we can read across R11 a 100mV for every amp, i.e. as my heatsink is huge I set mine to 270mV or 2.7Amps. Next with the DVM on the speaker terminal we adjust PR2 to read close to zero volts thus the DC offset. Ideally no load is connected and 100mV either positive or negative is ok Mine is reading +27uV on the left and -75uV on the right with the plus (red) terminal of the DVM connected to the speaker out and the negative (black) to the OV outputs.
HEAT and Dissipation
The beast I made firstly in this series was very basic no regulated PSU and with Darlington’s i.e. Version one. My power supply was set at ±18VDC on load unregulated with a small 225VA toridal transformer with two outputs winding at 0-15VAC each.
So now with no signal I have 2.7A at 18V on the FET Q1 and on the Darlington Q9, so our total dissipation is about 98W, with a estimated (at this point) 22W of output power into 6R, not allowing for the voltage drop across the constant current source or the minimum voltage across the FET given a Vgs of about 4V, so we could loss 6V swing in out output.
Now that 98W lets say 100W has to dissipated to something OK it could be the hot water tank but not practical, we could use a FAN assist heatsink but the wind noise would hide the music from the sounds of Meatloaf. So it looks like standard convection type heatsink, now we are talking big.
Part 2 Heavy Metal
Now with just a KISS thought we could calculate the heatsink required but I hate maths, and most thing can be done much simpler with the Sherlock approach .
i.e. with a 30ºC ambient for example and a 0.3Cº/W heatsink at 100W we get a 30ºC rise above ambient so 60ºC a bit hot to handle especial with children and cats about.
So with a 0.2Cº/W we get 20ºC rise above our 30ºC ambient (a hot UK summer!) and a 50ºC heatsink, maybe to be safe we should either exclude the cat and kids or use a grill covering to protect them. (I would move instead)
In this photo you can see how Sam and Paul mounted there differently Pauls is much better as the Copper can a) spread the heat faster and b) have less thermal barriers to break.
Also not on Paul the Heatsink fins are spread over a larger area and not height as with Sam’s ,the will both work fine, and it depends on you funds which method you choose.
Mine in the last photo uses the case clamped to the heatsink (case supplied with thanks from Paul) and then spread the heat into the same heatsinks as Sam’s baby below.
Paul's design see the large copper spreader.
And finally my version and the fan mounting I did to try and get A Class Levitation.
The Fan mount.
i.e. with a 30ºC ambient for example and a 0.3Cº/W heatsink at 100W we get a 30ºC rise above ambient so 60ºC a bit hot to handle especial with children and cats about.
So with a 0.2Cº/W we get 20ºC rise above our 30ºC ambient (a hot UK summer!) and a 50ºC heatsink, maybe to be safe we should either exclude the cat and kids or use a grill covering to protect them. (I would move instead)
In this photo you can see how Sam and Paul mounted there differently Pauls is much better as the Copper can a) spread the heat faster and b) have less thermal barriers to break.
Also not on Paul the Heatsink fins are spread over a larger area and not height as with Sam’s ,the will both work fine, and it depends on you funds which method you choose.
Mine in the last photo uses the case clamped to the heatsink (case supplied with thanks from Paul) and then spread the heat into the same heatsinks as Sam’s baby below.
Paul's design see the large copper spreader.
And finally my version and the fan mounting I did to try and get A Class Levitation.
The Fan mount.
Sam’s easily allow us to use the Dynamic PSU board, Paul I think may mount his directly to the chassis, mine not a chance. No room and I cheated I mounted a Fan in mine running very slow indeed but it only get to 45ºC at ambient of 27ºC in a enclosed space.
It a 24VDC fan running on a 7VAC rectified with only a 47uF capacitance for smoothing and this kick starts the fan, but not enough energy to run it fast, much more elegant than a big resistor to drop the volts.
Heatsink Compound
Some of us would use a thick dollop of heatsink compound spread like soft cheese NO NO do not a thin smear is all you must use and ensure you use M3 screw when mounting transistor and FET’s.
Also a safety tip DO NOT GET THIS IN YOU EYES it is not nice, I’ve tried it worse than arc eye.
It a 24VDC fan running on a 7VAC rectified with only a 47uF capacitance for smoothing and this kick starts the fan, but not enough energy to run it fast, much more elegant than a big resistor to drop the volts.
Heatsink Compound
Some of us would use a thick dollop of heatsink compound spread like soft cheese NO NO do not a thin smear is all you must use and ensure you use M3 screw when mounting transistor and FET’s.
Also a safety tip DO NOT GET THIS IN YOU EYES it is not nice, I’ve tried it worse than arc eye.
More to follow if you want it, please forgive my bad spelling and dreadful grammar.
